pregnancy, stricture of the urinary tract, urinary tract/cervical/prostate tumours. Besides, infections such as urosepsis and pyonephrosis can also be drained by nephrostomy tube insertion. Percutaneous nephrostomy is also useful in divert urine away from diseased site to enhance healing. Examples of conditions that can be treated with such method are malignant/traumatic/inflammatory fistula, and haemorrhagic cystitis.

Percutaneous