societies maintained dynamic relations across frontiers--from the Christianized provinces of northern Shewa to the Muslim centers of Harar.

Modern day Shewa was historically divided into three subdivisions: Gerra-Medir, Mamma-Midir, and Lallo-Midir. These names derive from three early rulers--Gerra, Mamma, and Lallo--who governed the region before the rise of the Shewan dynasty. Accounts describe them as Christianized rulers.

Arabic sources from the 13th century describe

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