may maintain sales in hardcover for an extended period to reap the greater profits that the hardcovers provide. Paperback sales declined substantially in the 21st century.

History

The early 19th century saw numerous improvements in the printing, publishing and book-distribution processes, with the introduction of steam-powered printing presses, pulp mills, automatic type setting, and a network of railways. These innovations enabled the likes of Simms and McIntyre of Belfast, Routledge & Sons

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