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verb xsay- 'to rule, reign'. The full, Old Persian title of the Achaemenid rulers of the First Persian Empire was Xsaya?iya Xsaya?iyanam or (Middle Persian) Sâhân Sâh, 'King of Kings' or 'Emperor'. This title has ancient Near Eastern or Mesopotamian precedents. The earliest attestation of such a title dates back to the Middle Assyrian period as sar sarrani, in reference to the Assyrian ruler Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243-1207

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