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and stringent National Institutes of Health regulations. Once lifted, the 1980s saw both the first recombinant viral vector gene therapy and the first viral vector vaccine. Although the 1990s saw significant advances in viral vectors, clinical trials had a number of setbacks, culminating in Jesse Gelsinger's death. However, in the 21st century, viral vectors experienced a resurgence and have been globally approved for the treatment of various diseases.

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