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that hit Vredefort is estimated to have been one of the largest ever to strike Earth since the Hadean Eon some four billion years ago, originally thought to have been approximately 10 - 15 km in diameter with a kinetic energy of 4.32×10²³ Joules. As of 2022, the asteroid was estimated at between in diameter, and is estimated to have impacted with a vertical velocity of and a range of energy of ~2-4×10²⁴ J (~7.3×10²³-1.60×10²⁴

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