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the role is fulfilled by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Stylistically, states with rulers appoint ''menteri besar'' (first minister) while the Yang di-Pertua Negeri appoints chief ministers or premier of their respective states. This convention was first started with the former Straits Settlements: Penang and Malacca, and subsequently extended to the Borneo States of Sabah and Sarawak. However, in 2022, Sarawak deviated from this convention

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