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or hot isostatic pressing (HIP). During this process, the material is heated until the binder enters a liquid phase while the carbide grains (which have a much higher melting point) remain solid. At this elevated temperature and pressure, the carbide grains rearrange themselves and compact together, forming a porous matrix. The ductility of the metal binder serves to offset the brittleness of the carbide ceramic, resulting in the composite's high overall toughness and durability. By controlling

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