In those cases, ECSA estimation is based on the double-layer capacitance according to the following equation:

where:

* is the double-layer capacitance.

* is the specific capacitance which is the capacitance of an ideal flat surface of the catalyst.

ECSA is expressed in square centimeters but it can be normalized to the geometric surface area (the ratio between ECSA and geometrical surface area is referred to as "roughness factor") or to the catalyst loading

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