leaves, selectively eating only the layers that have the least amount of cellulose. After completing larval development, the insect pupates either inside the mine, on the leaf surface or within the soil below the host plant depending on the species. Emerging adult insects can then continue their cycle.

Plant defenses

Plants have developed a variety of defense strategies to reduce damage from leaf miners. These defenses can be structural, chemical, or physiological and may act either directly

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