projection themselves.

The oldest known successful screenings of stroboscopic animation were performed by Ludwig Döbler in 1847 in Vienna and taken on a tour to several large European cities for over a year. His Phantaskop had a front with separate lenses for each of the 12 pictures on a disc and two separate lenses were cranked around to direct light through the pictures.

Wordsworth Donisthorpe patented ideas for a cinematographic film camera and a film presentation system in 1876.

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