by 2030. However, despite the progress, India still had the largest number of people practicing open defecation followed by Nigeria, Ethiopia, Niger and Pakistan, as of 2023 according to the World Bank.

Overview

In ancient times, when there were more open spaces and less population pressure on land, open defecation was a common practice which brought fewer health and hygiene problems. With development and urbanization, open defecating started becoming an important public health

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