eye or simple magnifying loupes, making delicate operations riskier. The introduction of the microscope sharply reduced complications and mortality, as it enabled surgeons to work through very small openings while clearly viewing critical anatomy.

Professor M. Gazi Yasargil later built upon this innovation and is widely regarded as the founder of modern microneurosurgery. Yasargil systematically applied the operating microscope to procedures like aneurysm clipping and tumor removal. Under his leadership