* Reflection and scattering: Radio waves can be reflected off surfaces like buildings and the ground, and scattered by objects like trees and lampposts. This can lead to multipath propagation, where the receiver receives multiple copies of the signal that may interfere with each other.

In understanding path loss and minimizing it, there are four key factors to consider in designing a wireless communication system:

1) Determining the required transmitter power: The transmitter must have enough power to overcome the path loss in

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