The noise can also be represented at the single-sided (f>0) frequency noise PSD, , or the fractional frequency stability PSD, , which defines the frequency fluctuations in terms of the deviation from the carrier frequency, .

The phase noise can also be given as the spectral purity, , the single-sideband power in a 1 Hz bandwidth at a frequency offset, f, from the carrier frequency, , referenced to the carrier power.

The stochastic dynamics of due to white

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