like this. In particular, the Biblical text consistently distinguishes between ?eda and qahal. One passage especially makes the distinction clear; part of the Priestly Code discusses what to do if "the whole Israelite [?eda] commits a sin and the [qahal] is not aware of it[.]" Scholars conclude that the qahal must be a judicial body composed of representatives of the ?eda; in some biblical passages, ?eda is more accurately translated as "swarm".

Biblical exclusions

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