name (see ) is ????? , which is found in the Mishna. During the sixteenth century the artichoke began to appear in French as carchofas, from the Italian carciofo.

Despite being borrowed from Arabic, European terms for the artichoke have in turn influenced Arabic in their own right. For example, the modern Levantine Arabic term for artichoke is ???? ???? . This literally means 'earthy thorny', and is an Arabicisation (through phono-semantic matching)