via this function.

The plane waves being considered can be described by

where
*A is the amplitude of the wave,
*A₀ = A(0, 0),
*x is a position along the wave's direction of travel, and
*t is the time at which the wave is described.

Plane waves in vacuum

Plane waves in vacuum are the simplest case of wave propagation: no geometric constraint, no interaction with a transmitting medium.

Electromagnetic waves in vacuum

For electromagnetic waves

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