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a prince after his victory over Ragamfred in 718. The princely title was used continuously from this point on for Charles and his descendants, the Carolingians, both in narrative and charter sources.

In 742, Pippin's grandson, Carloman, held his great Concilium Germanicum, at which he addressed the assembled "servants of God and my great men ... who are in my kingdom" as "duke and prince of the

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