and mercy. He often sought out peaceful means rather than bellicose means of putting areas under his control. He was, in particular, one rare example of a founding emperor of a dynasty who did not kill, out of jealousy or paranoia, any of the generals or officials who contributed to his victories after his rule was secure.

Family background

Liu Xiu was the sixth generation descendant of Emperor Jing of the Western Han dynasty. He was the son

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