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<p>Microscopy) the tips are covalently functionalized with the molecules of interest. A <a href="page.php?w=piezoelectric">piezoelectric</a> controller then pulls up the cantilever.  If some force is acting on the elastic cantilever (for example because some molecule is being stretched between the surface and the tip), this will deflect upward (repulsive force) or downward (attractive force).  According to <a href="page.php?w=Hooke%27s_law">Hooke's law</a>, this deflection will be proportional to the force acting on the cantilever.  Deflection is</p><p>
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