DB605, but fighters using the Merlin and other carbureted solutions were vulnerable to tactics that forced the pilot into a negative-G turn to avoid being shot down. The resulting loss of engine power could lead to the aircraft's loss in such situations. Rolls-Royce was able to correct this problem late in the war, around late 1943.

Several German cars used a Bosch mechanical GDI system in the 1950s. However, use of the technology remained rare