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rule, Cretan insurgents used to gather at the three coastal forts which included Gramvousa.

Greek War of Independence

With the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence, the fort fell to the insurgents' hands. In 1823, Emmanouil Tombazis, the Greek provisional government's commissioner for Crete, failed to strengthen the defences at Gramvousa when he had the opportunity, soon after his arrival on

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