for instance, on the Turinge stone:

According to Omeljan Pritsak, this Þorsteinn may have commanded the retinue of Yaroslav the Wise, the Grand Prince of Kiev. Thus, the housecarls mentioned here would be royal bodyguards; in any case, it can be seen here that the word "housecarl" now applied to a person who fought in the service of a different person.

In Norwegian service: the heiðþegar

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