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with distinct seasons: warm and humid summers, and cold winters with stable snow-cover. The average temperature in July is +18 C in north and +20 C in south, and in January -11 C in northeast and -8 C in southwest. The duration of the warm period (with the average temperatures above zero) is 215-220 days. The territory of the oblast is exposed to a substantial amount of solar radiation -- around 115 Kcal per cm². The average annual air temperature varies from 3.5 - 4.0 °C in the north and the

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