hats and sunshades.

Despite their economic power, the Mantuanos could only aspire to positions in the colonial ''cabildo'', while other political positions were forbidden to them. Within the colonial caste system, the Mantuanos were below the Crown officials and other Spaniards residing in Venezuela (the so-called peninsular whites). As a consequence, there was a rivalry between the peninsular whites and the Mantuanos for political power in the colony.

The

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