rings are formed when the retroflection is the strongest. The rings show early signs of formation because the baroclinic instability grows in the region and a wavelike perturbation can be seen from early fall. On average, there are 6 rings generated every year with a minimum of 2-3 rings per year.

However, the mechanisms that contribute to the NBC ring formation and how the dynamics of this generation of rings work are not fully understood. Nonetheless, the properties such as the diameter,