precursors of modern shopping malls. A number of architects and city planners, including Joseph Paxton, Ebenezer Howard, and Clarence Stein, in the 19th and early 20th centuries proposed plans to separate pedestrians from traffic in various new developments.

1920s-1970s

The first "pedestrianisation" of an existing street seems to have taken place "around 1929" in Essen, Germany.

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