and growth (e.g., innovation). This approach prevents over-reliance on financial metrics alone.

Indicators are also commonly distinguished by their time orientation and function. In this typology:
* Lagging indicators are outcome-oriented, measuring the final results of past activities (e.g., annual revenue, year-end safety incident count). They are easy to measure but hard to directly influence.
* Leading indicators are performance drivers, predictive measures that influence future outcomes (e.g., number