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of their dwelling". Modern scholarship similarly treats both kinship and clientage as organising principles within Highland clanship. As fixed surnames spread, some tenants and followers could assume, or be given, the surname of a landlord or dominant clan despite not originally sharing kinship with him, and clan names could also be adopted for protection, favour, solidarity, or sustenance. A clan surname alone therefore does not establish agnatic descent from a chief, but the existence of surname adoption and clientage should not be taken to

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