pre-glacial river course is now buried beneath glacial drift. Glacial activity is also thought to have carved Coldberry Gutter to the north of Middleston-in-Teesdale.

Botany

In places this impervious dolerite rock, with shallow soil above it, prevented the growth of scrub or trees: this enabled certain post-glacial Arctic / Alpine plants to survive here when elsewhere as a rule they were overgrown. The Sugar

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