is heavily affected by deaths and complications. The Mpondo practised the ritual until King Faku prohibited it in the 1820s after he had lost several of his sons from complications. Initiation schools re-emerged in the 1980s and 1990s, and the ritual is now being practised on a large scale.

In January 2014, Desmond Tutu urged traditional leadership and government to intervene, and "to draw on the skills of qualified