the center. The flight formation ranges around a V-like shape and does not stay constant. Geese, ducks and swans commonly form a skein in V formation.

Flying in V formation is not only about position but also about the timing of flapping. The birds behind will sync with the flapping pattern of the leading bird to follow the trail of upwash left by the bird at front. It is observed that a bird will reverse the flapping pattern when flying directly behind another, in order to avoid the downwash.

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