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have argued that introspective or 'self-report' questionnaires including the VVIQ are "too subjective" and can fall under the influence of social desirability, demand characteristics, or other uncontrolled factors. In spite of this issue, acceptably strong evidence of criterion validity for the VVIQ has been found in meta-analyses of more than 200 studies. The 1995 study by McKelvie, S. J. indicated that internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the VVIQ were acceptable and minimally acceptable

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