when the name "Xiamen" was first used. During the Qing dynasty, after the opium wars, trade with Europeans opened as Xiamen was designated as a treaty port and it continued its dynastic characteristic of being a maritime trade hub. British trade expanded from 380,000 silver dollars in 1843 to over 2 million in 1852.

It was also a migration hub of the time as more than 100,000 Chinese annually returned or left China through this treaty port from 1866. Throughout the Republican Era, the Second Sino-Japanese War, and the resumption of the