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of lipopolysaccharide, into over 57 O serogroups. At least four of the six biogroups (1B and 2-4) contain strains regarded as pathogens, and evidence suggests that some members of biogroup 1A may also have pathogenic potential. Strains that belong to serogroups O:3, O:5,27, O:8 and O:9 are the most common isolates from human samples. Strains from serogroups O:3 and O:9 may be the predominant pathogens in European countries, while serogroup O:8 is found in the United States, Japan and Europe.

Modes of transmission

There have

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