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of the Iron Age and Persian period were discovered at the surface of the tell.

Originally a Phillistine settlement, the Second Book of the Maccabees gives an account of Judas Maccabeus destroying the original Gentile-inhabited city. After Alexander Jannaeus, rule of the city switched to Judea and the city developed a large Jewish population.

Roman period with Herodians

In Roman times, the city was

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