When, in 1933 at the Solvay Conference, Heisenberg proposed his interaction, physicists suspected it to be of either two forms:

on account of its short-range. However, there were many issues with his theory. For one, it is impossible for an electron of spin and a proton of spin to add up to the neutron spin of . The way Heisenberg treated this issue would go on to form the ideas of isospin.

Heisenberg's idea of an exchange interaction (rather

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