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to the state as in Ptolemaic Egypt, has been documented since at least the time of the Achaemenid Empire and had been enforced by Roman legislation in the 4th century.

Umayyads

The barid operated from Umayyad times, with credit for its development being given to the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I (r. 661-680). Mu'awiya's successor Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

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