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called tennenbishi. Both types of makibishi could penetrate the thin soles of shoes, such as the [[waraji]] sandals, which were commonly worn in feudal Japan.

As a protective measure and countermeasure, European late medieval military engineers proposed iron soles that could be strapped under shoes like pattens to protect the feet from hidden traps.

Modern uses

World War I

World War II

Caltrops were used extensively and effectively during World War II.

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