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with H. pylori the lower region of the stomach, the antrum, is predominantly inflamed. This is where most of the ?-cells in the stomach are. The bacteria produce a cloud of ammonia around themselves using urease to protect them from the stomach acid; however, this reacts with the acid producing ammonium which is toxic to cells. This leads to many of the ?-cells dying, an effect that is further compounded by the low PD-L1

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