done on the system by the surroundings. The change in internal energy of the system is:

where denotes the quantity of heat supplied to the system from its surroundings.

Work and heat express physical processes of supply or removal of energy, while the internal energy is a mathematical abstraction that keeps account of the changes of energy that befall the system. The term is the quantity of energy added or removed as heat in the thermodynamic sense, not referring to a form of energy within the

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