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tunnel beneath the water being crossed (if indeed this is possible at all due to other factors such as the geology and seismic activity) or a bridge. Other advantages relative to these alternatives include:
* Their speed of construction
* Minimal disruption to the river/channel, if crossing a shipping route
* Resistance to seismic activity
* Safety of construction (for example, work in a dry dock as opposed to boring beneath a river)
* Flexibility of profile (although this is often partly dictated by what is possible

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