or otherwise) and refusing to recognize itself as an occupant. Additionally, the question of whether a territory is occupied or not becomes especially controversial if two or more powers disagree with each other on that territory's status; such disputes often serve as the basis for armed conflicts in and of themselves.

Occupation and the laws of war

A dominant principle that guided combatants through much of history was "to the victor belong the spoils". Emer de Vattel, in The Law of

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