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minhagim go back to the codification of the Talmud or earlier. Today, they are generally regarded as universally binding. The oldest recorded minhag is that of "beating the Aravot" (willow branches) on Hoshana Rabbah, which is believed to date back to the era of the Hebrew prophets.
* Many minhagim are followed by subgroups:
** Jews whose ancestors continued to live in the Middle East

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