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posit an independent causality outside of God's knowledge and action would be to deprive him of true agency, and diminish his attribute of power. In his famous example, when fire and cotton are placed in contact, the cotton is burned not because of the heat of the fire, but through God's direct intervention, a claim which he defended using logic. In the 12th century, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi expounded upon similar theories of occasionalism in his works.

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