in the microscopy literature is a formula for resolution that treats the above-mentioned concerns about contrast differently. The resolution predicted by this formula is proportional to the Rayleigh-based formula, differing by about 20%. For estimating theoretical resolution, it may be adequate.

When a condenser is used to illuminate the sample, the shape of the pencil of light emanating from the condenser must also be included.

In a properly configured microscope, .

The above estimates of resolution are specific to

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