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the thigh bone of a Neanderthal female, 63% of the Neanderthal genome, allowing comparison of billions of bases to the modern human genome. It showed that Homo neanderthalensis were the closest living relative of Homo sapiens, until the former lineage died out 30,000 years ago. The Neanderthal genome was shown to be within the range of variation of those of anatomically modern humans, although at the far periphery of that range of variation. Neanderthals and modern humans share

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