were obtained by Kirill Tolpygo in 1950 and independently by Huang Kun in 1951. Collective interactions were published by David Pines and David Bohm in 1952, and plasmons were described in silver by Herbert Fröhlich and H. Pelzer in 1955.

R.H. Ritchie predicted surface plasmons in 1957, then Ritchie and H.B.