an infinitesimal volume with an infinitesimal dipole moment is:

The net charge appearing as a result of polarization is called bound charge and denoted .

This definition of polarization density as a "dipole moment per unit volume" is widely adopted, though in some cases it can lead to ambiguities and paradoxes.

Other expressions

Let a volume be isolated inside the dielectric. Due to polarization the positive bound charge will be displaced a distance relative to the negative bound charge , giving rise to a

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